V 




ZABA'S METHOD 



OF STUDYING 



UNIVEESAL HISTORY, 



WITH 



CHRONOLOGICAL CHART, 



AND BOARD OF EXERCISE. 



ZABA'S METHOD 



OF STDDYlISiG 



UNIVEESAL HISTOEY, 



WITH 



CHRONOLOGICAL CHART. 



AND BOARD OF EXERCISE. 



X*/ 






Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by 

N. F. De ZABA, 
In tlie office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



ZABA'S METHOD 

OF 

STUDYING UNIVEESAL HISTORY. 



Locke, the eminent Englisli philosopher, said, "' Memory is, as it 
were, the store-house of our ideas ; for the narrow mind of man, 
not being capable of having many ideas under view and contem- 
plation at once, it was necessary to have a repository to lay up 
those ideas, which at another time it might make use of. A 
methodical arrangement of the contents of such a repository 
enables its owner to find any article that he may require, with 
the utmost readiness." Precisely, my method is calculated to 
arrange that very store-house in such an orderly manner as to 
enable its owner to find, with the utmost readiness and quick- 
ness,'the required article. Such an advantage, surely, is worth 
possessing, even at the cost of extra trouble and application. 
Let us consider only the number of subjects, both in science and 
literature, each voluminous and full of interest. The sphere of 
the human mind is not sufficiently large, nor life sufficiently 
long, to grapple with the many difficulties obstructing the pur- 
suit of knowledge. But, as steam and telegraph help us in a 
certain degree to obtain victory over time and distance, in like 
manner, means should be found for accelerating the march of 
our progress in the acquisition of knowledge. For instance, the 
subject of Universal History demands close attention, both in 
the collection of facts and in their arrangement according to the 
order of time at which each of them took place. 

As no one can be admitted within the precincts of the philo- 
sophy of History without having his mind well stored with facts, 
which constitute the links of a chain of ideas, therefore, the 
knowledge of facts and of chronology becomes an absolute ne- 
cessity. On that very account, the study of Universal History 
taxes the mind severely. Few indeed are successful, and even 
they, after long and unabated perseverence, feel the want of 
some guide to lead them on from point to point. 

Many an attempt was made to supply this want. The ingen- 
uity of man did not remain inactive in devising plans for so im- 
portant a purpose. Each small contribution to the common 
stock of human knowledge should receive its due attention ; and 
I claim no other favour for my Method. It is simple — practical 
in its application, and admirably adapted to the study of Uni- 



4 



ZABA S METHOU. OF STUBYING 



versal History in particular. It offers many advantages to the 
student of Histoiy. He is enabled to examine, year by year, or 
century by century, Avithout tlie least deviation from the order 
in which the events occurred. Order in the arrangement of 
thoughts, and in the classiiication of ideas, Avould give him an 
easy command over the whole subject, however voluminous, 
as the object of this book is simply to teach the Method, I will 
not unnecessarily swell its proportions. Let us, therefore, at 
once proceed to the explanation of it, and the manner in which 
the learner is to acquire it. 

The following Diagram forms the basis of the Method : 





1 


2 3 


4 5 6 


7 8 9 10 












fl 


ij— 


- 




— 1 — ~r|~n~" 


1 


1 








1 I 


1 


13 


- 













— i 





. 







I 


_ J, 


— 











1 


— i' 


_ 







- 


1 


i 


— 











1 


— i 


_ 





J |_ 


- 


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i 


t 




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f 


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J 




iz=ii±-3: 


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ms 


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^M 




30 
40 

50 
60 
70 

SO 
9t» 
1(J0 



It is a square ; or, to make my explanation more familiar, let 
us suppose that it is a bookcase, containing ten shelves. Each 
shelf is divided into ten equal partitions, which run from left to 
right, as the Diagram shows. We haA^e, therefore, one hun- 
dred partitions enclosed Avithin the square. In the appilication 
to the study of Historj^, each partition represents one year. 
Con«e(|ueutly, on each shelf there are ten years, and the whole 
forms One Ccniury. Each year is subdivided into nine com- 
partments, Avhich are also read from left to right. And these 
compartments conA^ey to us each a distinct notion of the char- 
acter of the event Avhich took place in that year. The meaning 
of the iSymbols located in the compartments is as follows : 



UNIVEKSAL nrSTORY. 



5 



1st. m War. E Battle. X Civil War. 

2ncl. p Conquest. ?] Acquisition by Treaty or Marriage X Loss. 

3rcl. ^ Calamities, Plagues, Fire, Persecution. Ej Destruction by Earth- 

quakes. X Destruction by War. 
4tb. @ Eminent Men. ti Women. X Birth. + Death. 
5th. H Sovereign. X Division of Sovereign Power. |^ Emperors of 

the East. 
6th. M Geographical Discovery. C Scientific Discovery. X Industry. 
7th. P Parliament, Diet, Council, Congress. ?\ Enactment of a law. 

X Publication of a Book. 
8th. M Eevolution. B Unsuccessful Insurrection, Eiot. X Conspiracy. 
9th. g Peace. B A Treaty concluded in Time of Peace. X A League. 

Besides tlie above nine compartments, tliere is one Symbol more 
— which is placed within the year like a border, CU, to represent 
remarkable events having no specific reference to the nine 
compartments. 

After the explanation of the shelves, their partitions, and the 
Symbols of each compartment, the attention is drawn, first, to 
the horizontal line, which divides the Diagram into two equal 
parts, and is called the Middle line. In the flight of our obsei*- 
vations, that line will be a resting point, from which our survey 
of the localities on each side of it will be easier and quicker. 
Secondly, the perpendicular line, which divides the shelves into 
two equal parts, leaving five years < n each side, is of the utmost 
importance. Indeed, the eye should be always kept on that 
line, whicli is called the Central line, as it will give us the fullest 
oommaud over the whole Diagram, and enable us to convert 
ra])idly each locality into the number it represents. 

The following Diagram demonstrates the utility of that rule : 



1 


2 


3 


4 


5 
5 
5 
5 
5 


6 
6 

9 
6 

6 


7 


8 
8 


9 


10 
10 






2 


3 
3 


4 


7 


9 






2 


4 


7 


8 
8 


9 


10 






2 


3 


4 


7 


9 


10 




T 


2 


3 


4 


7 


8 


9 


10 




2 


3 


4 


5 


6 
6 

6 

6 


7 
7 
7 


8 
8 


9 


10 






2 


3 


4 

4 


5 
5 
5 


9 


10 






2 


3 


8 
8 

8 


9 
9 

9 


10 
10 

10 






2 


3 


4 


7 

7 




' X 


8 


3 


4 


' 




I' -t'^V-vl--.?.'.'*? 


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.j.iBViV' 


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^HUW|!J|I 


yiuwj 







6 zaba's method oe studying 

As we cast our ej'e^upon the fiftli partition of tlie first shelf, 
Avhich is on the left side of the central line, and look down to 
the bottom of the line, we see that each partition of each shelf, 
occupying the same position, represents the number 5. Thus, on 
the first shelf will be simply 5 ; on the second, 5 also ; but we 
must add to it the whole first shelf, namely, 10 — it will be 15 ; 
on the third, 25, etc. Hence, if a symbol is placed in any of 
those partitions, we perceive at a glance that it is 5, to which it 
is necessary to add the number of complete shelves above it. 
On the other side of the central line are all the sixes. Then on 
the left side of the central line, as we recede from it, are 4, 3. 2, 
1 ; and after the sixes, going forward, 7, 8, 9, 10. The plain- 
ness of this arrangement speaks for itself. In order that the 
learner should not lose sight of the Central line, which will aid 
him princij)ally in being able to call at will the Diagram before 
his mind's eye, the rules of the exercise are framed to suit the 
object in view — and the beginners should literally adhere to 
them. Thus, though History will be the subject of our study, 
let it be looked upon, not as the end, but the means for the ac- 
quisition of the knowledge of the Method. Consequently, no an- 
xiety should be felt to retain in memory, by its ordinary grasp, 
either the names of events or the dates in connection with them. 
Instead of that, concentrate your attention upon the localities, the 
symbols, their color and form. In the course of lessons, localities 
should never be mentioned by the numbers they happen to repre- 
sent, but inreference to the position they occupy relatively to the 
centralline. By these means the arrangement of the Diagram will 
in a short time become familiar ; and the mind, assuming its form, 
will keep the storehouse of thoughts and ideas in perfect order. 

Now, let us give a practical illustration of the manner in 
which the study is pursued. The learner is provided with a 
board, containing a sufficient number of plain diagrams to form 
out of them a Historical Chart of the nineteen centuries of the 
Christion era ; also with a box of large and small crystals of 
various colors. In the first century (see the Historical Chart) three 
colors are required : Black, for the History of the Eoman Em- 
pire ; Blue, for the Histor y of the Christian Church ; Eed, for 
British History. A Diagram of the first century, filled with 
the symbols, is j)laced before him with a key, giving explanation 
of their meaning and the names of events. Then commence as 
follows: First; we name the color ; next, the shelf; then the 
partition, or its relative position to the central line ; finally, the 
compartment. Symbol after symbol is to be copied with crys- 
tals upon the board of plain diagrams. First, what color ? a 
small black — on what shelf ? It being on the right side of the 
central line (for counting is of course done from left to right). 



UNIVEESAL HISTOKY. 7 

and as the mention of the numbers should be suppressed, we shall 
therefore say, one beyond the central line. Now, in which com- 
partment ? Second compartment. Its meaning ? Conquest : 
black color ? Koman History ; read ; a conquest was made by the 
Bomans. We require now to know, what conquest ? The key 
sepplies the name : Judea. That name is attached to the symbol, 
and its reading will be complete : a conquest was made by the Ro- 
mans of Judea. The number of locality? 6, in the year 6. What 
do we see next ? a small black. On what shelf ? on the same 
shelf ; what pra'tition, and its relative position to the central 
line ? The position is indicated by the number of partitions 
distant from the central line. It will be therefore said : four 
beyond the central line. In which comjDartment ? first. Its 
meaning? war. but, as the form of the symbol occupies half 
only of that compartment, it is a battle : therefore, it is a battle 
fought by the Komans. With whom ? The name is added 
from the key: with Herman, a German prince ; year? 9. Again, 
a small black : on the second shelf, in which partition ? It being 
on the left side of the central line, counting from right to left, 
it will be said : two before the central line. Consequently, all 
distances on the left side of the central line will be called before ; 
and on the right side, beyond the central line. Let us return to 
our last symbol. We have said, two before the central line — 
which compartment ? in the fifth compartment — its meaning ? 
Sovereign — a Eoman sovereign — name ? Tiberius. Tiberius 
began to reign in the year ? read as you see, '^without diverting 
your attention by thinking of number : locality shows jilainly 
14. Again, another small black on the same shelf, four beyond 
the central line, in the fourtli compartment. Its meaning ? em- 
inent man — it being a straight cross — it means, death of an em- 
inent man. ISTame ? Germauiciis. Year ? 19. Next, a small 
black, on the third shelf, one ])eyond the central line, in the 
fourth compai'tment : name ? Pimtius Pilate, in the year 26, was 
made Grovernor of Judea, whicli is above his head on the first 
shelf, by Cajsar Tiberius, who rests on the second shelf. Fui-- 
ther, large blue, five beyond the central line ; or, for shortness, 
it may be said, at the end of the same shelf. Blue ? History of 
the Christian Church ; large symbol? remarkable event ; name? 
Baptism of Christ ; year, 30. Who was then Governor of 
Judea ? We retrace oar steps, and stop at the symbol occupy- 
ing the fourth compartment on the same shelf: Pontius Pilate; 
year, 26. Who was then Ceesar? We go back, and stop at the 
symbol occupying the fifth compartment on the second shelf: 
Tiberius ; year, 14. 

Thus we acquire a habit of order in the arrangement of our 
thoughts. In that naanner we pursue our study to the end of 



8 ZABA S TvtETTTOT) OV SsTTTBYIxa UNTVERSAL IITSTORY. 

the first century. Then the crj^stals are removed, and the same 
prooQSS -repeated twice or three times. After half a dozen lessons 
the learner should examine himself, not in the dates and names 
of the events, but whether he can see mentally the organization 
of the diagram and the color and form of the symbols, also their 
relative position to the central line. No sooner can his mind 
realize all this, than his memory will become quick and ready, 
and the progress in the acquisition of knowledge will be rapid, 
easy, and free from any mist or confusion. As soon as the eye 
is sufficiently familiar with the first century, extend the practice 
to the second , and so on, until you embrace the whole range 
of the chart. Beginners generally feel some doubt as to the 
2:)0ssibility of their recollecting the names of the events ; but 
without entering into any explanation of the invisible workings 
of the human uiind, I can speak from experience, that seeming 
difficulty will imperceptibly disappear, if the learners strictly 
adhere to the rules laid down. 

As to the history before the Christian Era, the computation of 
time will depend on the point from Avhicli it will be started. 
For example, if we wish to know how many years before the 
Christian Era the triumvir of Julius Caesar existed ? in that case 
the century in which we find Ca^-sar is the first century before 
Christ — and the last year of the said century will be the first 
year before Christ — consequently, Ave reverse the order of things, 
counting from right to left, and climb up to the j)oint required, 
but when we wish to ascertain how many years after the found- 
ation of Rome ; then we start from the foundation of Eome, 
and our course will be a continrrous descexrt until we arrive at 
Julius Caisar — that is to say, our counting will be like in the 
Christian Era from left to right. 

In conclusion, T consider it my sacred duty to do justice to 
the memory of my deceased friend aud companion of arms. 
General Bem, who together with me devoted his literary talents 
to this subject. — But from 1848, the work was left to me alone, 
and I hope to have succeeded in rendering this method j^ractical 
as to its extensive application in the province of education. 



KEY TO ZABA'S CHART. 



EXPLANATION OP COLORS. 



HISTOBY BEFOKE CHRIST. 



Black 
Blue 



History of Rome 
History of the Bible 



CHRISTIAN ERA. 



Black . 

Black Triangles 

Blue 

Blue Triangles 

Red 

Red Triangles 

Yellow . 

Orange . 

Orange Triangles 

Green . 

Green Triangles 

Dark Green , 

Dark Green Triangles 

Pink . . , 

Pink Triangles 

Gold 

Large and small circles 



History of the Roman Empire 
Mahometans 
Church 

(Jriisades 
Britain 
Scotland 
France 
Spain 
Portugal 
Germany 
Prussia 
Sweden 
Uejimai'k 
Poland 
Russia 
America 
IN all colours , 'Colonies 



HISTORY BEFORE CHRIST. 





CENTUEY 24th. 


Deluge 






CENTUEY 20th. 


Abraham 

Call of Abraham 

Ishmael 






CENTUEY 19th. 


Sodom and Gomorrah 

Isaac 

Sarah 

Esau and Jacob 

Abraham 




CENTUEY 18th. 


Ishmael 

Joseph 

Joseph sold 

Isaac ( 

Joseph governor of Egypt 

The Jews settle at Goshen 




CENTUEY 17th. 


Jacob 
Joseph 






CENTUEY 16th. 


Aaron 

Moses 

Flight of Moses 






CENTUEY 15th. 


Exodus 
Plague 

Moses 
Joshua 






CENTUEY 14:th. 



Euth 



12 KEY TO ZABa's METHOD, 

CENTUEY 13th. 

DeboraL. 

Gideon defeats the Midianites 

CENTURY 12th. 

JepTitha defeats the Ammonites 

Samson 

Samuel 

CENTURY 11th. 

Sanl 

Goliath 

David 

Absolom 

Solomon 

Dedication of the Temple 

CENTURY 10th. 

Kingdoms of Israel and Judah 

CENTURY 9th. 

Translation of Elijah 
Elisha 

CENTURY 8th. 

Rome founded 

Fall of the kingdom of Israel 

Numa Pompilius 

CENTURY Tth. 

Tullus Hostilius 

Combat of Horatii and Curiatii 

Judith 

Ancus Martius 

Tarquinius^Pri sou s 

First of the seventy years of captivity 

CENTURY 6ru. 

Fall of the kingdom of Judah 

Servius Tullius 

Return of the Jews from captivity 

Tarquinius Superbus 

Second Temple 

Expulsion of Tarquinius 

Commercial Treaty with Carthage 

Porsenna 



KEY TO ZABA S METHOD. 13 

OENTUEY 5th. 

Lartius (dictator) 
Plebeians 

Coriolanus proscribed 
With Veientes 
Decemvirs — 12 tables 
Abolition of Decemvirs 
Standing Army 
With Veientes 

CENTURY 4th. 

Veii 

Eome laid in ashes by Brennus — Camillas 

Manlius thrown from Tarpeian Eock 

Licinian laws 

Praetor and ^dile 

With Samnites 

Latins and Campanians 

With Samnites 

CENTURY 3ed. 

Etrurians and Samnites 

Samnites 

Etrurians 

Pyrrhus 

Defeat of Pyrrhus near Beneventum 

Lower Italy 

First Punic 

Dullius's naval victory ' 

Sicily — with Carthage 

Second Pvinic 

Cannge 

Zama — with Carthage 

CENTURY 2nd. 

Cynoscephale 

Magnesia 

Scipio Africanus 

Pydna — Macedonia — Persecution of the Jews — Matthias 

Juda Maccabceus 

Jonathan Maccabeeus 

Third Punic 

Carthage 

Simon Maccabseus 

Numantia — Tiberius Grraccus 

Caius Graccus 

Jugnrtha 

Defeat of the Oymbri by Marius 



14: KEY TO ZABA's METHOD. 

CENTUEY 1st. 

First Mithridatic 

Civil 

Marius 

Cinna — with. Mithridate 

Second Mithridatic — Sylla (dictator) 

gylla 

Third Mithridatic 

Spartacus leads the slaves 

Defeat of Spartacus 

Pontus 

Syria 

Jerusalem 

Catilina 

Triumvir of Julius Ceesar, Pompey and Crassius 

Gaul 

Invasion of Britain by Julius Csesar 

Civil 

Pharsalia 

Cato 

Julian Calendar 

Assasination of Caesar 

Cicero — Second triumvir of Octavius, Anthony and Lepidus 

Philipi 

Herod 

Actium 

Egypt 

Octavius takes the name of Augustus Csesar 

MecEenas 



CHRISTIAN ERA. 



CENTURY 1st, 

Judea 

Defeat of the Eomans by Herman at Eomanfeld 

Tiberius 

Germanicus 

Pontius Pilate 

Baptism of Christ 

Crucifixion 

Martyi'dom of St. Stephen 

Paul converted 

Caligula 

Gospel of St. Matthew- 
Claudius 

Invasion 

Gospel of St. Mark 

Invasion 

London founded 

Caractacus 

Apostolic Council at Jerusalem 

Nero 

Gospel of St. Luke , 

Destruction of the Druids 

Boadicea 

Burrhus 

Eome burned — persecution 

Seneca 

Martyrdom of Peter and Paul 

Galba 

Otho, Vitelius, Vespasian 

Destruction of tferusalem 

Destruction of Pompeii and Herculanium — Pliny the Elder 

—Titus 
Domitian 

Britain a Eoman province 
Josephus 

Second persecution 
Nerva 

Gospel of St. John 
Trajan 



IS KKY TO ZABa's METHOD, 

CENTURY 2nd. 

riiny the Younger, Governor of Bythinia 

Dsecia 

Third persecution 

Martyrdom of Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch 

Pliny the Younger 

Trajan's Column 

Mesopotamia 

Adrian 

Insurrection of the Jews 

Plutrarch 

Adrian's Wall 

Juvenal 

Eternal Edict 

Insurrection of the Jews under Barcoohabas 

Antoninus Pius 

Justyn 

Wall near Glasgow 

Edict in favor of the Christians 

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus 

Fourth persecution 

Martyrdom of Justyn 

Martyrdom of Polycarp of Smyrna 

Marcomani, and their defeat 

Martyrdom of Blandyna at Lyons 

Commodus 

Pertinax 

Julian Didianus — Septimus Severus — Niger 

CENTURY 3rd. 

Galen, eminent physician 

Fifth persecution — Martyrdom of Iraenus, Bishop of Lyons 

Roman Wall 

Caracala 

Macrinus 

Heliogabalus 

Alexander Severus 

Ulpian, eminent lawyer 

Sixth persecution— Maximin 

Balbinus and two Gordians 

Cordian III. 

Philip, the Arabian 

Games in commemoration of a thousand years since the 

foundation of Rome 
Decius 
Seventh persecution , 



KEY TO ZABA's METHOD. 17 

Gallus 

Valerian 

Origen 

Eighth persecution — Martyrdom of Cyprian, Bishop of 

Carthage 
With Persia 
Galienus 
Claudius II. 
Plotinus — Aurelian 
Ninth persecution 
Palmyra 
Tacitus 
Probus 
Canis 
Carinus 
Diocletian 

Diocletian and Maximian 
Anthony, founder of the monastic life 

CENTUBY 4th. 

Tenth persecution 

Porphyry 

Constantius Chlorus — Galerius 

Galerius — Maximian — Constantino 

Edict of Milan in favor v of Christianity 

Controversy of Arius 

Constantino alone 

Council of Nice , 

The seat of government removed to Constantinople 

Constantino II. — Constans — Constantius 

Constantius alone 

Ulphilas, Apostle of the Goths 

Julian the Apostate 

Jovian 

Valentinian and Valens 

Valentinian II. and Gratian 

Adrianople 

Theodosius 

Council of Constantinople 

Conversion of Augustin 

Destruction of Pagan Temples 

Division of the Empire into Western and Eastern Empires 

Chrysostom, patriarch of Constantinople 

CENTUEY 5th. 

Abolition of the gladiatorial g6(.mes 
Gothg and Yandals 



18 KEY TO ZABA's METHOD. 

Theodosius the Younger 

Eome sacked by Alaric 

Spain occupied by Visigoths and Vandals 

Hypatia 

Pbaramond, kingdom of the Franks 

Jerome 

Valentinian III. 

Africa invaded by Genseric 

Augustin 

Ephesus 

Theodosian code 

Leo the Great 

Huns, under Attila 

Meroveus 

Invasion of the Saxons 

Marcian 

Defeat of Attila at Chalons — Chalcedon 

Venice founded 

Kingdom of Kent founded — Eome sacked by Genseric 

Majorian 

Leo 

Childeric 

Severus 

Anathemius 

Nepos 

Glycerins 

Zeno and Leo 11. 

Eomulus Augustulus 

Fall of the Western Empire 

Invasion of the Saxons 

Clovis 

Soissons 

Kingdom of Sussex 

St. Patrick — Anastasius 

Ostro-Gothic kingdom founded by Theodoric 

Tolbiac — conversion of the Franks 

CENTUEY 6th. 

Christian Era, arranged by Dionysius the Monk 

Justin 

Kingdom of Wessex 

Antioch destroyed by earthquake 

Boetius 

Justinian — Kingdom of Essex 

Justinian's code 

Africa 



KEY TO ZABA's METHOD. 19 



With the Goths 

Kingdom of Northumberland 

Fall of the Ostro-Gothic kingdom 

Fifth General Council at Constantinople 

Belizarius — Justin II. 

Invasion of the Lombards 

Kingdom of East Anglia 

Tiberius II. 

Maurice 

Kingdom of Mercia 

Gregory I. 

Conversion of Kent 

CENTUEY 7th. 

Phocas 

Mahomet began to preach at Mecca 

Heraclius 

Flight of Mahomet to Medina 

Mecca 

Abu Bekr 

Omar 

Persia 

Jerusalem 

Alexandria 

Constantine III. 

Constans II. 

University of Cambridge founded 

Othman ( 

Cyprus 

Ehodes 

Ali 

Dynasty of Omniades 

Constantine IV. 

Sixth General Council at Constantinople 

Justinian II. 

Leontius 

CENTURY 8th. 

Al Walid 
Justinian restored 
Rodi'ique 
Philipicus 
Xeres 

Anastasius II. 
Gregory II. 
Theodosius III, 



20 KEY TO ZABa's METHOD. 

Kingdom of Asturial 

Iconiclasts at Constantinople 

Bishop of. Eome i^roclaimecl chief magistrate 

Gregory III. 

Defeat of the Saracens, by Charles Martel, at Tours 

Bede (historian) 

Constantino V. 

Dynasty of Abassides 

Pepin (Carlovingian dynasty) — Stephen 

Al Manasor 

Elevation of the Bishop of Rome to temporal sovereignty 

Caliphate of Cordova 

Bagdad founded 

Carloman and Charles 

Charles alone 

Lombardy 

Leo IV. 

Constantin VI. 

Haround Al Eashid 

Invasion of the Danes — Council of Constantinople 

Eoncevalles 

Irene 

Frankfort 

Leo III. 

Charlemagne Empire 

CENTUEY 9th. 

Nicephorus 

Alcuin 

Michael 

LeoV. 

Louis 

Michael II. 

Union of Heptarchy under Egbert 

Theophilus 

Ethelwolf 

Lothaire 

Michael III. — Kingdom of Poland under Piast 

Kingdom of Scotland under Kenneth — Verdun 

Etheibald 

Nicholas 

Ziemovit 

Ethelbert 

Ethelred 

Basil 

Alfred 



KEY TO ZABA's METHOD. 21 

Defeat of the Danes, 

Leo VI. — University of Oxford founded 

Dismemberment of Charlemagne's Empire — Arnolph 

Leshek 

Charles Simple 

CENTURY 10th. 

Edward the Elder 

Constantin Vll. 

Duchy of Normandy founded by Rollo — Conrad 

Ziemomysl 

Henry I. 

Eomanus 

Athelstan 

Otho 

Edmund 

Edred 

Edwy 

JohnXII. 

Edgar — Eomanus II. 

Mieczyslaw 

Eoman-German Empire 

Nicephoi'us II. 

Conversion of Poland 

John Zimisces 

Otho II. 

Edward the Martyr ' 

Basil and Constantin VIII. 

Ethelred II 

Otho III. 

Louis V. 

Capetian dynasty founded by Hugh Capet 

Conversion of Russia 

Boleslas the Great 

Robert II. 

CENTURY 11th. 
Henry II. 

Invasion of the Danes 
Edmund Irunside 
Canute the Great 
Conrad II. 
Mieczyslas II. 
Romanus III. 
Henry I. 

Kasimir — Michael IV. 
Harold 



22 KEY TO ZABA's METHOD, 

Henry III. 

Hardicanute 

Michael V. 

Edward the Confessor — Constantin IX. 

Theodora (alone) 

Henry IV. 

Isaac Comneni 

Boleslas the bold 

Constantin X. 

Philip I. 

Hastings — William the Conqueror 

Constantin XI, 

Eomanus IV. 

Malek Sha 

Gregory VII. 

Jerusalem 

Nicephorus III. 

Ladislas Herman 

Alexis Comneni 

Urban II. 

William Rufus 

Kingdon of Portugal under Don Henrique 

Clermont 

First Crusade 

Jerusalem by Godfrey de Bouillon — Order of the Knights 

of St- John founded 
Henry 1. 

CENTURY 12th. 

Boleslas III. 

Normandy — Henry V. 

Louis VI. 

John Comneni — Order of the Knights Templars 

Concordat of Worms 

Lothair 

Stephen 

Louis VII. — Manuscript of Justinian Pandecta found at 

Amalfi 
Conrad II. 
Manuel Comneni 
Second Crusade 
Frederick Barbarossa 
Henry II. 

Milan destroyed by Frederick Barbarossa 
Constitution of Clarendon 
Saladin 
Ireland 



KEY TO ZABA S METHOD. 23 

Miezyslas the old 

Kasimir the Just 

Philip Augustus 

Androuicus 

Isaac Angelus 

Jerusalem. 

Richard 

Third Crusade under Eichard and Philip — Henrj VI. 

Leshek the White 

Alexius III. 

Philip 

Innocent III. 

John 

CENTURY 13th. 

Fourth Crusade, under Baldwin of Flanders — Ladislas 

Latin dynasty at Constantinople, Baldwin emperor 

Henry 

Otho IV. 

Albigenses (persecution) 

Frederick II. 

Magna Charta 

Henry III. 

Fifth Crusade, under the king of Hungary, Andrew — Peter 

Robert 

Louis VIII. 

Louis IX. ' 

Boleslas the Modest 

Baldwin II. 

Sixth Crusade 

Russia falls under the yoke of the Tartars 

Ravages of the Tartars — Hanseatic league 

Seventh Crusade, under liOuis IX. 

Conrad IV. 

Richard, the Earl of Cornwall 

Rhenish league 

Fall of the Cailiphate of Bagdad 

Ravages of the Tartars 

Greek dynarty recovers Constantinople, Michael Palajologus 

Lewes 

First Parliament 

Eighth and last Crusade under Louis — Philip III. 

Edward I. 

Rodolph of Hapsburg 

Leshek the Black 

Wales — Andronicus ' 

Philip IV. 



24 



KEY TO ZABA*S METHOD 



Adolphus of Nassau 

Roger Bacon 

Albert of Austria 

Rise of the Ottoman Empire 

Jubilee — Wenceslas 

CENTURY 14th. 

Clement V. — Ladislas Lokietek 

Edward II.— William Tell 

Henry VII. 

Papal See removed to AAdgnon 

Bannockburn — Louis X. — Lewis of Bavaria — Erederick III 

comi^etitor of Lewis 
Morgarten 
Philip V. 
Dante 
Charles IV. 
Orchan (Sultan) 
Edward III. 

Philip of Valois — Andronicus II. 
Kasimir the Great 
Cressy 

Charles IV. — Eirst Diet at Vislica 
John 
Rienzi 

John Palseologos — Golden Bull 
Poictiers 
Jacqueries 
Amurath I. 
Charles V. 
Louis 
Petrarch 
Bocacio 
Richard III . 

Papal See returns to Rome — Wenceslaus 
Charles VI. 
Jadwiga 

Jagiellon's dynasty — Sempach 
Bajazet 
Manuel 
Henry IV. 
Chaucer — Rupert 

CENTURY loTH. 

Grunwalden 
Sigismond 
Henry V. 



KEY TO zaba's 3lETlI0n. 25 

Coixucil of Constance 

Agiucourt — Huss 

Jerome of Prague 

Madeirca 

Amurath II. 

Henry VI.— Charles VII. 

Jolnril. 

Joan of Arc 

Ladislas of Varna 

Albert 

Frederick III 

Varna 

Printing 

Kasimir 

Constantin XII 

First Bible printed, called Mazarin's Bible, as it was found 

in his library 
Mahomet II. 

Fall of the Eastern Empire 
St. Albans 
Wakefield 

Edward IV. — Louis XI. 
Ivan 

John Faust 
John Guttenberg 

Moscow shook oft* the yoke of the Tartars 
Tewkesbury 
Copernicus born 

First book printed by Caxton on the game of Chess 
Union of Castile and Aragon under Ferdinand and Isabella 
John II. 

Eichard III.— Charles VIII. 
Bos worth — Henry VII. 

Cape of Good Hope rounded by Captain Diaz 
Fall of Grenada — Lorenzo de Medici — John Albrecht — 

first discoveries by Columbus 
Maximilian 

Emanuel — Imperial Chamber 
Expedition of Vasco de Gama 
Louis XII. 

Newfoundland by Cabot 
Brazil 

CENTURY IGth. 

The Aulic Council — Alexander 
Expedition of Vasco de Gama 
f^oJuj^cibus— Sigiswond tlie <h\s\. 



26 KEY TO ZABA's MRTHOI). 

Henry VIII. 

Goa, the capital of Portuguese India 

Leo X. 

Francis I. 

Charles I. 

Luther preaches 

Mexico 

Charles V. 

Eaphael — Soliman the Magnificent 

John III. — Diet of Worms outlaws Luther 

Camoehs 

Augsburg confession, protestant confession of faith 

Protestant league at Smalkald 

Cartier— Reformation by an Act of Parliament 

Peru — Sir Thomas Moore — St. Lawrence 

Ignatius Loyola 

Pizarro 

Mary 

Copernicus 

Trent 

Luther 

Henry II.— Edward VI. 

Zigismond Augustus 

Treaty of Passau favorable to Protestants 

Mary 

Philip 

Ferdinand 

Elizabeth 

Francis 11. 

Charles IX. 

Shakspeare — Maximilian 11, 

James VI. 

Union of Luthuania with Poland 

Massacre of St. Bartholemew —Gregory XIII — Camcen' 

Lusiada 
Elective Monarchy 
Henry III 

Rodolph — Stephen Batory 
Maratime expedition of Drake 
Camoens 
Portugal 

Calendar reformed by Gregory XIII. 
Colonization of Virginia 
Zigismond III. 
Armada 
Henry IV. 



KEY TO ZABa's EETHOD. 27 

Edict of Nantes 

Charter granted to East India Company. 

CENTURY 17th. 

James I. 

Eoundation of Quebec by Champlain 

Louis XIII. — Hudson Bay 

Factories established at Surat and Goa — Gustavns Adol- 

phus 
Mathias 

Dynasty of Eomanof, Michael 
Shakspeare — Baffin Bay 
Thirty years 
Ferdinand II. 
Prague 
Charles I. 

Company of one hundred associates 
Petition of right 
Lutzen — Ladislas VI. 
Ferdinand III. 
Madras, Fort St. George 

Long Parliament — Independence of Portugal 
Civil War — Galileo — Foundation of Montreal 
Louis XIV. 
Marston Moor 
Kasimir — Westphalia 
Revolution , 

Navigation Act 
Oliver Cromwell (protector) 
Jamaica 
Dr. Harvey 
Leopold 
Charles II. 

Company of one hundred broken 
Plague 

Michael Korybut 
Chucim — the test act 
John Milton — John Sobieski 
Philadelphia 
Vienna 

James II, — Revocation of the Edict of Nantes 
Expulsion of James II. 
Massacre of Lachine — William and Mary 
Boyne 

Hanover raised to the dignity of Electoi'ate 
Frederick August 



28 KEY TO ZAIJA's METHOD. 

Charles XII. 

Calcutta, Fort William 

CENTURY IStit. 

Frederick I. takes the title of King of Prussia 
Anne 

Gibraltar — St. Petersburg founded 
Joseph — Stanislas Leszcynski 
Charles VI. 
Frederick William 
George I. 
Louis XV. 

Peter takes the title of Emperor 
Sir Isacc Newton — George II. 
Frederick Augustus III. 
Succession War — Frederick II. 
Charles VII. 
Alexander Pope 
Civil — Francis I. 
Culloden 

Gregoi'ian Calendar introduced 
Earthquake at Lisbon 
Seven years 

Upper and Lower Canada 
George III. 
Catharine II. 

Canada ceded to Great Britain by the treaty of Paris 
Stanislaus Poniatowski 
Joseph II 

Royal Academy of Arts 
First partition 
Louis XVI. 
American revoli;tion 
American Inde[)endence 
Frederick William II. 
New South Wales 
Washington — ]-{evolution 
Leopold II. 

Constitution of the 3rd of May — Province of Quebgc di- 
vided into Upper and Lower Canada 
Republic — Francis II. 
Second partition 
Third partition — Don John VI. 
Paul 

Trinidad — Frederick William III. — Adams 
IS^ile— r-Depositjou of Pope Fius yjt 



kKY 'ro '/aba's method. 29 

Washiugton 
Malta— Pius VII. 

CENTURY 19th. 

Alexander — Jefiersuii 

Concordat 

Napoleon (Emperor) 

Trafalgar 

Geriuau Empire takes the name of the Austrian Empire — 

Cape of Good Hope 
Flight of Don John to Brazil 
Madison 

Louis XVIII, — Pius VII restored 
Waterloo 
Monroe 
George IV. 

Return of Don John to Portugal 
Byron — Charles X. 
Nicolas — Qnincy Adams 
Navarino 
Don Miguel 
Jackson 

■Louis Pliilippe — William IV. — Revoliiliun in I'olaud 
The Reform Bill 
Donna IMaria 
Ferdinand IV. 
A^ictoria — Van Burcii 
Frederidv William \\. 

Prince of Wales — Fniinj of the iwo ( aiwidas' — Harrison 
J. K. Polk 
Pius IX. 

Expulsion of Louis Pliilijipe-— Francis .Jo8c[)h 
Z. Taylor 
Filmore 

Lxhlbitiou— Coup d\''tat 
2ud Em])ire 
Don Pedro — Pierce 
Coronation of Alexander II. 
Buchanan 
Don Luiz— liincolu 
Insurrection in Poland 
Lincoln re-elected 
Exhihition — Dominion of Canada 
\J. S. Grant — Council at Rome 
Prusso-German Empire 
Exhibition in Vienna 



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